SEQUENTIAL USE OF ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION AND SULFATE REDUCTION FOR IN-SITU REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINANT PLUMES

SEQUENTIAL USE OF ACTIVATED PERSULFATE OXIDATION AND SULFATE-REDUCTION FOR IN-SITU REMEDIATION

INTRODUCTION

Metropolitan has developed and applied an innovative approach to the use of sodium persulfate for the sequential in-situ treatment of subsurface contaminants through chemical oxidation followed by enhanced biological degradation through sulfate reduction. This approach has broad applicability to a wide range of contaminants, and shows strong cost-saving benefits through reducing the initial volume of chemical oxidant necessary and enhancing the in-situ biological degradation of contaminants. Through proper subsurface geochemical characterization and chemical dosing design, the approach focuses on utilizing the oxidant for immediate mass reduction at the source area, followed by degradation or polishing of the residual contamination using sulfate reducing bacteria.   

Depending upon the oxidant activation method, this approach is applicable to petroleum hydrocarbons including both volatiles and PAHs, chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) including chlorinated ethene, ethane and methane groups, as well as PCBs.  As discussed further below, enhanced sulfate reduction is also conducive to metals precipitation, and therefore, potentially useful for metals remediation and addressing metals mobilization concerns typical of in-situ chemical oxidation.  Although still developing, we believe this sequential oxidation and enhanced biodegradation approach is also applicable for the remediation of explosives or accelerants such as TNT, TNB, RDX and HMX. 

Metropolitan is currently seeking and pursuing opportunities for pilot or full-scale demonstration projects to further document and evaluate the timing and robustness of these two processes for treatment of any or a combination of these contaminant or chemical mixtures.  Further benefits and supporting details of this innovative approach are provided in the following discussion.  For additional information, please contact one of the Metropolitan remediation professionals provided below.

IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION (ISCO)

Persulfate Oxidation

Persulfates are strong oxidants that have been widely used in many industries for initiating emulsion polymerization reactions, clarifying swimming pools, hair bleaching, micro-etching of copper printed circuit boards, and TOC analysis. In the last few years there has been increasing interest in sodium persulfate as an oxidant for the destruction of a broad range of soil and groundwater contaminants.  The persulfate anion is the most powerful oxidant of the peroxygen family of compounds and one of the strongest oxidants used in remediation. The standard oxidation – reduction potential for the reaction

is 2.1 V, as compared to 1.8 V for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This potential is higher than the redox potential for the permanganate anion (MnO₄^-) at 1.7 V, but slightly lower than that of ozone at 2.2 V.

In addition to direct oxidation, sodium persulfate can be induced to form sulfate radicals, thereby providing free radical reaction mechanisms similar to the hydroxyl radical pathways generated by Fenton’s chemistry. The generation of sulfate radicals is

The sulfate radical is one of the strongest aqueous oxidizing species with a redox potential estimated to be 2.6 V, similar to that of the hydroxyl radical, 2.7 V.

In addition to its oxidizing strength, persulfate and sulfate radical oxidation has several advantages over other oxidant systems. First, it is kinetically fast. Second, the sulfate radical is more stable than the hydroxyl radical and thus able to transport greater distances in the sub-surface. Third, persulfate has less affinity for natural soil organics than does the permanganate ion and is thus more efficient in high organic soils. Finally, the persulfate releases sulfate anions in the subsurface that can be used by sulfate-reducing bacteria to biologically degrade or stabilize a large number of contaminants. These attributes combine to make persulfate an effective and economic option for the chemical oxidation of a broad range of contaminants.

Source Area Mass Reduction/Ability to Treat a Wide-Range of Contaminants

ISCO has proven extremely useful for source area mass reduction to destroy mobile and recalcitrant contaminants.  Important advantages of ISCO include the speed of reaction, that there is no need for permanent above-ground installations and its cost benefit.  Activated Sodium Persulfate is an emerging oxidant of choice for chemical oxidation because of its ability to treat a wide range of contaminants, safer handling characteristics and longer staying-power in the subsurface. When properly activated, persulfate provides an excellent combination of oxidative power and control that can be delivered both safely and cost efficiently.  Successful pilot and full-scale field applications of Activated Sodium Persulfate have demonstrated it’s ability to treat a wide range of contaminants including; chlorinated ethenes (TCE, PCE, DCE, and vinyl chloride), chlorinated ethanes (1,1,1-TCA, DCA, vinyl chloride), chlorinated methanes (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, MTBE and 1,4-dioxane.

The Metropolitan Technology Results in Reduced Amount of Oxidant and thus Saving Time and Money

Chemically, the stoichiometric oxidant demand for sodium persulfate varies between 20 and 45 pounds of oxidant per pound of oxidizable compound.  This high demand results in increased time in the field, increased number of mobilizations and resulting higher overall project costs. One primary challenge of any ISCO project is developing a thorough characterization and dosing design for the contaminants present.  No less challenging is the delivery of the oxidant to the subsurface and achieving contact with all contaminant mass necessary to meet remedial goals or performance criteria (ISCO is a “contact sport”).  These chemical and physical challenges, while well understood and being further developed / optimized continuously, lead to relatively high demand for chemical oxidant quantities and incentive for conservative “safety factors” in the dosing design. However, the stoichiometry and other design challenges do not account for any subsequent reduction of the contaminant mass by sulfate-reducing bacteria that would be stimulated by the addition of the sulfate.   

Thus, following initial oxidation, the persulfate can play a role in enhancing the natural attenuation of contaminants.  In fact, enhanced sulfate reduction shows robust capabilities for biological degradation of a wide range of possible contaminants.  While not well studied or understood as a sequential approach, Metropolitan believes the destruction of contaminants using both the oxidation and anaerobic degradation processes can be demonstrated and quantified, resulting in reduced chemical and project costs, and improved contaminant destruction beyond the initial, and potentially limited ISCO contact treatment.  By taking into consideration the contaminant degradation by the sulfate-reducing bacteria, will reduce the amount of persulfate that needs to be injected at the source zone.  For example, while 1,000 pounds of persulfate can oxidize 22 pounds of BTEX, the SRB bacteria can utilize the injected sulfate to destroy an additional 160 pounds of BTEX.  At the same time, metals would be immobilized due to the production of metal sulfides that represent among the most stable compounds on earth. 

SULFATE REDUCTION FOLLOWING THE CHEMICAL RELEASE OF SULFATE

At many source areas, the natural bioremediation of contaminants is hindered by the presence of biotoxic concentrations and/or the lack of electron acceptors.  Sulfate is a well known electron acceptor utilized in anaerobic biodegradation.  This process is termed sulfate reduction and results in the production of sulfide.  Chemically, sulfate consists of one sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms. Sulfate-reduction strips away the four oxygen atoms leaving the sulfur atom in a form known chemically as sulfide.

The four oxygen atoms are used by the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to change carbon containing "foods" or "fuels" (i.e. contaminants) into carbon dioxide and water.  It is estimated that once natural or enhanced sulfate-reduction takes hold, approximately five (5) pounds of sulfate per pound of petroleum hydrocarbons is needed to achieve anaerobic degradation of the contaminants.  This is substantially lower than the 20-45 pounds of persulfate needed to oxidize one pound of contaminants.  Evidence suggests that the growth and development of naturally occurring sulfate-reducing bacteria can happen relatively quickly (e.g., within thirty days or so), and that these populations are robust and aggressive, and show substantial contaminant degradation capabilities.  

Further, when provided with an organic carbon source (such as BTEX, other petroleum hydrocarbons, etc.), SRB will reduce sulfate to soluble sulfide; bicarbonate ions are also produced, helping to stabilize the water pH. The soluble sulfide reacts with metals in the groundwater to form insoluble metal sulfide precipitates. Therefore, this approach is more appropriate in situations where there are potential concerns with metal mobilization, as with a conventional oxidation method.  Using this sequential remediation method, the SRB-created sulfides can precipitate metals and minimize displacement or mobilization. 

SRB CAPABLE OF REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION

Although the sulfate-reduction process or phase of this sequential persulfate application technology is not well understood or studied, studies and literature provide strong evidence of the capability of SRB to treat many contaminants including chlorinated solvents through reductive dechlorination.  In general, SRB produce sulfide as a waste product while obtaining electrons from molecules such as alcohols or organic acids. Several SRB species can also be useful in the co-metabolic reduction of CAHs.  Studies have shown that SRB Desulfitobacterium frappieri and Desulfomonile tiedjei are capable of degrading PCE to cis-DCE (Gerritise et al., 1996; Townsend and Suflita, 1996). Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans has been shown to degrade other CAHs such as 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate (Gerritise et al., 1996).

Scientists have sequenced the genome of a sulfate-breathing bacterium that can damage oil and natural gas pipelines and corrode oilfield equipment.  The microbe, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, plays a role in a process called microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC).  The analysis of the microbe's genes is expected to help find better ways to minimize such damage as well as to develop methods to use such microbes to help remediate metallic pollutants such as chromium, arsenic, etc.

SRB SPECIES CAPABLE OF METAL REDUCTION

Desulfovibrio is a model for the study of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which use hydrogen, organic acid, or alcohols as electron donors to "reduce" (that is, add electrons to) certain metals, including chromium, arsenic, uranium, etc.  Other sequenced microbes that are capable of such reduction include Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens,  In their analysis of the D. vulgaris genome, scientists found a network of c-type cytochromes – proteins which facilitate electron transfers and metal reduction during the organism's energy metabolism. The presence of those c-type cytochrome genes are thought to give D. vulgaris a significant capacity and flexibility to reduce metals.

RDX REMEDIATION

Although even less studied at the current time, some work has been done that provides further evidence that SRB are capable of degrading explosives or accelerant contaminants prevalent at many military sites.  The metabolism of TNB (not TNT), RDX, and HMX by a sulfate-reducing bacterial consortium, Desulfovibrio spp., was studied by Boopathy, R., Gurgas, M., Ullian, J., and Manning, J.F. (1998). Metabolisms of Explosive Compounds by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. Current Microbiology 37(2): 127-131. 

The results indicated that the Desulfovibrio spp. used all of the explosive compounds studied as their sole source of nitrogen for growth. The concentrations of TNB, RDX, and HMX in the culture media dropped to below the detection limit (less than 0.5 parts per million [ppm]) within 18 days of incubation. The sulfate reducing bacteria may be useful in the anaerobic treatment of explosives-contaminated soil.

COMPETITION BETWEEN METHANOGENS AND SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA

It has long been known that methane production in marine sediments occurs only after sulfate has been depleted from the pore water (Martens and Berner 1974; Winfrey and Zeikus 1977). Subsequently, it was found that this is due to the competition between methanogens and SRB for some electron donors (Banat et al. 1983; Winfrey and Ward 1983). Based on thermodynamic considerations, the utilization of H₂ or acetate by SRB yields more energy than the utilization of these two substrates by methanogens. Thus, SRB obtain more energy for a given substrate than do methanogens, and they out-compete the methanogens for that substrate if sulfate is sufficiently abundant in the habitat. 

When sulfate is depleted, methanogens carry out the terminal steps of decomposition in the anaerobic environment. In addition, the sulfate reducer Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) has a lower apparent Ks (half-velocity constant) for H2 than does the methanogen Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus (Kristjansson et al. 1982), indicating that the former outcompetes the methanogen for H2 when the concentration of this electron donor is low. Similarly, the Ks value for acetate is lower for the acetate-utilizing sulfate reducer Desulfobacter postgatei than for the methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri (Schönheit et al. 1982). Thus, SRB have both thermodynamic and kinetic advantages over methanogens.

THE BOTTOM LINE

The use of Metropolitan’s hybrid chemical oxidation/anaerobic biodegradation approach has the potential to substantially reduce the in-situ treatment costs for a large number of contaminants and at complex sites where a mixture of chemicals are present.  Metropolitan’s method will ensure that matrix issues are dealt with reliably (minimize the rebounding effects), while reducing the amount of field work with minimum disruptions to the property.

REFERENCES

1)   Behrman, E.J. and J.O. Edwards. Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry, 2, p 179 (1980) Brown, R.A., D. Robinson and G. Skladany. “Response to Naturally Occurring Organic Material: Permanganate versus Persulfate”, ConSoil 2003, Ghent Belgium, (2003) Bruell, C. J. “Kinetics of Thermally Activated Persulfate Oxidation of Trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1- Trichloroethane (TCA),” The First International Conference on Oxidation and Reduction Technologies for In-Situ Treatment of Soil and Groundwater, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, June 25-29, 2001

2)   Beller, H.R., Reinhard, M., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1992, Metabolic byproducts of anaerobic toluene degradation by sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., v. 58, p. 3192-3195.

3)   Balazs, G.B., J.F. Cooper, P.R. Lewis and G.M. Adamson. Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management 8, ed. Tedder and Pohland, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

4)   Beller, H. R., D. Grbic-Galic, and M. Reinhard. 1992b. Microbial degradation of toluene under sulfate-reducing conditions and the influence of iron on the process. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:786-793

5)   Coates, J.D., R.T. Anderson, and D.R. Lovley. 1996. “Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol.62:1099-1101.

6)   Coates, J.D., J. Woodward, J. Allen, P. Philip, and D.R. Lovley. 1997. “Anaerobic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Alkanes in Petroleum-Contaminated Marine Harbor Sediments.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63:3589-3593.

7)   Elmendorf, C., F. Sessa. Poster at the 4th Annual Battelle Conference On the Remediation of chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Panther Technologies and FMC Corporation (2004).

8)   FMC Corporation , activation of persulfate using peroxide, patent pending technology (2002)

9)   FMC Corporation, activation of persulfate using high pH, patent pending technology (2003)

Metropolitan Engineering, Consulting & Forensics (MECF) 

 Providing Competent, Expert and Objective Investigative Engineering and Consulting Services

P.O. Box 520
 Tenafly, NJ 07670-0520 
Tel.: (973) 897-8162 
Fax: (973) 810-0440
 E-mail: metroforensics@gmail.com 
Web pages: https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanforensics/ 
https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanenvironmental/ 
https://sites.google.com/site/metroforensics3/

http://metroforensics.blogspot.com/

We are happy to announce the launch of our twitter account. Please make sure to follow us at @MetropForensics or @metroforensics1Metropolitan appreciates your business.Feel free to recommend our services to your friends and colleagues.

FRAUD INVESTIGATION AND SUBROGATION SERVICES AT METROPOLITAN

FRAUD INVESTIGATION AND SUBROGATION SERVICES AT METROPOLITAN

 

What Is Subrogation?

Subrogation refers to the process an insurance company uses to seek reimbursement from the responsible party for a claim it has already paid.

Subrogation matters to you if:

·         You have a covered loss, and

·         You submit a claim to your insurance company, but

·         Another party is actually responsible for all or part of the damages (i.e. you have a car accident and the other driver caused the accident, or if damage to your home was caused by a faulty appliance)

In this case, your insurance company may pay your claim, and then seek reimbursement from the other party. This would depend on the circumstances surrounding the loss, the laws in your state, and your policy provisions.

If your company decides to pursue subrogation, the company will work to recover the damages from the responsible party.  Damages may involve costs paid by you and the insurance company. Costs paid by you usually means your deductible, but could include amounts over your policy limits not paid by your insurance company. This would depend on the laws in your state and the specific circumstances surrounding the loss.

The subrogation process may also be used if you are at fault for damages.  In this case, the other party and/or their insurance company would make a claim against you, usually directly to your insurance company.  Your company will review the facts of investigation to determine if you are liable for the damages.

 Your company may make payment to the other company if you have coverage and it is determined that you would be legally responsible for all or part of the damages. Keep in mind that often times liability is not clear cut. In some cases, both parties may be partially responsible. Dependent on the laws in your state, both parties may share responsibility for payment of damages. For example, one party may be 40% responsible, and the other party may be 60% responsible. This could mean that both companies make subrogation claims against each other, and each company pays their respective portion of the other party's claim.

In all cases, your participation and cooperation with us in the investigation phase of the claim process is important. Your assistance can help to establish important facts, and preserve evidence, and may help to accelerate the recovery process. 

Insurers do not ordinarily think of themselves as plaintiffs.  A carrier's subrogation rights can exist under common law, equity, contract, or statute.  No matter its origin, a carrier's right of subrogation and its ability to recover a loss, large or small, is a fundamental right of the insurance industry.  A successful subrogation program can often mean the difference between profit and loss.

METROPOLITAN has represented more than 350 insurer, self-insured entities, third party adjusting companies, and government entities in connection with subrogation related litigation. This includes recovery efforts in the areas of personal lines insurance, worker's compensation, fire, group health, casualty, fidelity and surety bonds, uninsured motorist, inland and ocean marine, ERISA, long shore and harbor worker's compensation, aviation, hospital liens, group health and disability, conversion claims, med pay, mistaken payment of benefits, recovery of premiums, and other areas. 

METROPOLITAN aggressively pursues subrogation rights which have traditionally been neglected and underutilized.  Implementing an aggressive and successful subrogation program remains an insurance carrier's biggest challenge. Lacking the historical respect given to other areas of the insurance industry, aggressive subrogation has become an indispensable function of carriers interested in making every effort to maximize profit. Through aggressive subrogation training programs and the investment of subrogation resources, insurers are no longer backing down when it comes to recovering what is rightfully theirs.  

Hiring a full service firm like METROPOLITAN to implement an innovative recovery program and aggressively pursue and recover every possible subrogation dollar is a necessary step toward this end. In effect, failure to recognize third party liability and take advantage of all subrogation opportunities is tantamount to paying a claim twice. Subrogation must be recognized as a profit center worthy of the investment of time and resources. 

PROPERTY DAMAGE

From automobile losses to fire and casualty to catastrophic inland marine transportation claims, METROPOLITAN takes the action necessary to preserve your subrogation interests and aggressively recover your claim dollars. 

WORKER'S COMPENSATION

When a work related injury results in a claim, every state has a different set of priorities and rules regarding your right to recover these dollars. Prompt action is necessary to guarantee maximum recovery. Our network of local counsel allows us to act as a clearinghouse for subrogation claims across the country. 

INLAND AND OCEAN MARINE

Transportation law and claim investigations can be complicated and confusing.  METROPOLITAN specialized in navigating the mine field of modern transportation and defeating limitations wherever possible. 

RECOVERY OF MISTAKEN PAYMENTS AND OVERPAYMENTS

When an insurer makes a mistake of tact in paying a claim, it has valuable recovery rights which it should avail itself of. Prompt action is necessary in order to avoid bars and limitations to such recoveries. We aggressively pursue and recover overpayments, claims paid by mistake, as well as premiums due from insureds. 

GROUP HEALTH AND DISABILITY

In addition to counseling group health providers and plan administrators on plan and policy language, METROPOLITAN expertly puts to work favorable plan subrogation language and federal law under ERISA, where applicable, to maximize your recovery of medical and disability benefits at an absolute minimal cost. We represent several such group carriers and plan providers on a nation-wide basis. 

BENEFITS OF A FULL SERVICE SUBROGATION FIRM

Most insurers don't realize when they have lost subrogation dollars.  When such recovery opportunities are lost, it is usually because third party liability is not timely recognized or is not recognized at all. These monies are lost forever and you may never even know it. 

INVESTIGATING SUBROGATION

METROPOLITAN believes that immediate investigation, especially in catastrophic losses, is essential to an effective subrogation program. METROPOLITAN will conduct an investigation of subrogation potential whenever there is a serious injury or catastrophic property loss, even in instances in which it appears that there is no visible source of recovery.  It is paramount that this investigation is initiated while memories are fresh, witnesses are available, and the evidence has not been destroyed or tampered with.  Our expansive collection of expert witnesses covers the nation and allows us to get the best quality professionals involved early, and at the right price. 

SUBROGATION EVALUATION PROGRAM

METROPOLITAN will also make investigators available to review your files to determine whether files have subrogation potential. Reviewing either electronic files or hard copies of files, METROPOLITAN will search for subrogation potential and make recommendations on files where further investigation or subrogation activity is needed. These services are offered free of charge to our clients.

USE OF SUBROGATION AT METROPOLITAN

The word subrogation comes from the Latin word subrogoree, meaning to substitute.  Subrogation is therefore a substitution of one creditor, the damaged Insured, for that of another, the insurer.  The concept of subrogation arises out of the property-casualty insurance policy as a contract of indemnity, with the purpose of returning the Insured to pre-loss condition.  No subrogation exists in life insurance because a life insurance policy is not a contract of indemnity.

As the right of subrogation arises out of the property-casualty policy as a contract of indemnity, this right exists without the subrogation clause contained in the policy, which would appear to make it redundant to write the subrogation clause into the policy.

The subrogation clause is written into the policy for two reasons: to prevent the insured from waiving subrogation rights after the loss; and to allow for recovery to the extent payment has been made, known as “pro-tanto” recovery.  The subrogation clause allows an Insurer to subrogate as soon as a loss has been partially paid and before there has been complete indemnity.

Most subrogation clauses allow the Insured to waive rights of recovery before a loss.  However, the ISO Builders Risk Form only allows a pre-loss waiver of subrogation with the written permission of the insurance carrier.

Nearly all insurers allow the Insured to engage in pre-loss waivers of subrogation in order to allow the insured to engage in some non-insurance transfer, such as hold harmless agreements, and are perceived as necessary to allow the Insured to conduct its business affairs.  On the other hand, most policies do not permit the Insured to waive rights of recovery after a loss, and the Insured who does risks voiding the policy.

The effect of subrogation is to create an equitable rate structure, reducing first-party losses and ultimately, fist party premiums (it has been estimated that auto collision premiums would increase by 31% without subrogation).  Conversely, subrogation increases third-party losses and liability premiums.  Subrogation forces the party responsible for a loss to pay for it.

Recovery percentages can be increased through prompt recognition and investigation.  Most subrogation is missed through failure to recognize third-party liability.

IMPLEMENTATION SUBROGATION TECHNIQUES AT METROPOLITAN:

1) Develop a theory of liability

Is this a products case, one of negligence, or possibly breach of warranty? The theory of liability indicates the various issues that must be proven and will become the blueprint for investigation.

2) Investigate

Preserve the evidence of how the loss occurred.  The closer to the time of loss you begin your investigation, the greater your chances of recovery. Remember that the burden of proof is yours.

If at all possible, retain an expert to pick up physical evidence to protect yourself from allegations that you altered the evidence.

An added benefit to the use of an expert is that it insures you will not have to testify at trial or be challenged as to your expertise. It also protects you from identifying the insurer.

Instruct your expert to document the evidence with a three-part receipt: one copy to be attached to the evidence, one copy for the claims file, and one for the owner of the evidence.

3) Secure the Evidence

The evidence should be kept in a place to which only the adjuster or his expert has access, such as a locked desk drawer or file cabinet. This helps to establish that control has been maintained and the evidence has not been altered.

4) Take statements

Statements help witnesses clarify what happened and can be used to refresh their memories later. Some people from whom statements are obtained may even be determined to be experts by the court. For example, the mechanic who worked on a particular automobile may not have a degree, but he may well have worked on that particular make and model car many times and be aware of technical problems associated with it.

Increased recoveries improve profit. Every dollar recovered decreases losses. Underwriting and loss adjustment expense is incurred whether or not there is a recovery. Subrogation recoveries are bottom-line profit, and can make the difference between profit and loss.

Metropolitan Engineering, Consulting & Forensics (MECF)

Providing Competent, Expert and Objective Investigative Engineering and Consulting Services

P.O. Box 520

Tenafly, NJ 07670-0520

Tel.: (973) 897-8162

Fax: (973) 810-0440

E-mail: metroforensics@gmail.com

Web pages: https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanforensics/

https://sites.google.com/site/metropolitanenvironmental/

https://sites.google.com/site/metroforensics3/

http://metroforensics.blogspot.com/

We are happy to announce the launch of our twitter account. Please make sure to follow us at @MetropForensics or @metroforensics1

Metropolitan appreciates your business.

Feel free to recommend our services to your friends and colleagues.